Scholars — Master Index

Over sixty scholars are covered in the eight era chapters. This table lists them alphabetically (ignoring the article "al-"). Dates marked "c." are approximate; "fl." means "flourished" (active around that date), used where birth and death years are unknown.

Scholar	Dates	Main center(s)	Fields	Chapter
al-Amili, Baha al-Din	1547–1621	Isfahan	arithmetic, pedagogy	Era VIII
Abu Kamil	c. 850 – c. 930	Egypt	algebra	Era II
Abu Nasr Mansur	c. 960 – c. 1036	Khwarazm, Ghazna	spherical trigonometry	Era III
Abu al-Wafa al-Buzjani	940–998	Baghdad	trigonometry, geometry	Era II
al-Baghdadi, Ibn Tahir	d. 1037	Baghdad, Nishapur	arithmetic, number theory	Era III
Banu Musa (three brothers)	fl. c. 830–870	Baghdad	geometry, mechanics	Era I
al-Battani (Albategnius)	c. 858–929	Raqqa	astronomy, trigonometry	Era I
al-Biruni	973–1048	Khwarazm, Ghazna	geodesy, trigonometry, astronomy	Era III
al-Fazari (father and son)	8th century	Baghdad	astronomy, translation	Era I
al-Farisi, Kamal al-Din	c. 1267–1319	Tabriz	optics, number theory	Era VI
Habash al-Hasib	fl. c. 825–870	Baghdad, Samarra	trigonometry, astronomy	Era I
al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf	fl. c. 786–833	Baghdad	translation (Euclid, Ptolemy)	Era I
al-Hassar	fl. 12th c.	Maghreb	arithmetic, fraction notation	Era IV
Hunayn ibn Ishaq	809–873	Baghdad	translation	Era I
Ibn Aflah, Jabir (Geber)	fl. c. 1120–1150	Seville	spherical trigonometry	Era IV
Ibn al-Banna	1256 – c. 1321	Marrakesh	arithmetic, combinatorics	Era V
Ibn Ghazi al-Miknasi	1437–1513	Meknes, Fez	arithmetic, algebra	Era VII
Ibn Hamza al-Maghribi	fl. late 16th c.	Ottoman lands	arithmetic	Era VIII
Ibn al-Haytham (Alhazen)	c. 965 – c. 1040	Basra, Cairo	optics, geometry, method	Era III
Ibn Muadh al-Jayyani	989 – c. 1079	Jaén	spherical trigonometry	Era III
Ibn Munim	d. 1228	Marrakesh	combinatorics	Era V
Ibn Qunfudh	1339–1407	Constantine, Fez	commentaries	Era VI
Ibn Sahl	fl. c. 984	Baghdad	optics (refraction law)	Era II
Ibn al-Samh	984–1035	Granada	geometry, astrolabe	Era III
Ibn al-Shatir	1304 – c. 1375	Damascus	planetary theory	Era VI
Ibn Sina (Avicenna)	980–1037	Bukhara, Persia	mathematics within philosophy	Era III
Ibn al-Yasamin	d. c. 1204	Maghreb, Seville	algebra, pedagogy	Era IV
Ibn Yunus	c. 950–1009	Cairo	astronomy, trigonometry	Era II
Ibrahim ibn Sinan	908–946	Baghdad	geometry (quadratures)	Era II
Ishaq ibn Hunayn	c. 830–910/11	Baghdad	translation (Euclid, Ptolemy)	Era I
al-Jawhari	fl. c. 830	Baghdad	geometry, parallels	Era I
Qadi Zada al-Rumi	c. 1364 – c. 1436	Samarkand	geometry, astronomy	Era VII
al-Karaji	c. 953 – c. 1029	Baghdad	polynomial algebra	Era II
al-Kashi, Jamshid	c. 1380–1429	Samarkand	computation, decimal fractions	Era VII
al-Khalili	fl. c. 1365	Damascus	spherical astronomy tables	Era VI
Omar Khayyam	1048–1131	Nishapur, Isfahan	cubic equations, parallels, calendar	Era III
al-Khazin, Abu Ja'far	d. c. 971	Khurasan	cubics via conics	Era II
al-Khazini	fl. c. 1115–1130	Merv	statics, hydrostatics	Era IV
al-Khujandi	c. 940–1000	Rayy	instruments, trigonometry	Era II
al-Khwarizmi	c. 780 – c. 850	Baghdad	algebra, arithmetic, astronomy	Era I
al-Kindi	c. 801–873	Baghdad	optics, cryptanalysis, arithmetic	Era I
Kushyar ibn Labban	c. 971–1029	Gilan, Baghdad region	arithmetic, astronomy	Era II
al-Maghribi, Muhyi al-Din	c. 1220–1283	Damascus, Maragha	trigonometry, observation	Era V
al-Mahani	fl. c. 860	Baghdad	cubics, irrationals	Era I
Maslama al-Majriti	c. 950–1007	Córdoba	astronomy, mathematics	Era II
al-Mu'taman ibn Hud	d. 1085	Zaragoza	geometry (Ceva-type theorem)	Era III
al-Nasawi	c. 1011 – c. 1075	Khurasan, Baghdad	arithmetic	Era III
al-Nayrizi (Anaritius)	c. 865 – c. 922	Baghdad	Euclid commentary	Era II
al-Qalasadi	1412–1486	Granada, Tunisia	algebraic symbolism	Era VII
al-Quhi, Abu Sahl	fl. c. 970–1000	Baghdad	geometry (conics, centers of gravity)	Era II
Ali Qushji	c. 1403–1474	Samarkand, Istanbul	astronomy, theory	Era VIII
Qusta ibn Luqa	c. 820 – c. 912	Baalbek, Baghdad	translation (Diophantus)	Era I
al-Saghani	d. 990	Baghdad	trisection, instruments	Era II
al-Samawal	c. 1130 – c. 1180	Baghdad, Persia	polynomial algebra, induction	Era IV
Sibt al-Maridini	1423 – c. 1506	Cairo	teaching texts, quadrant	Era VII
al-Sijzi	c. 945 – c. 1020	Sijistan, Shiraz	conic constructions	Era II
Sinan ibn Thabit	c. 880–943	Baghdad	medicine, geometry	Era II
Sharaf al-Din al-Tusi	c. 1135 – c. 1213	Tus, Damascus	cubics, maxima, numerical roots	Era IV
Taqi al-Din	1526–1585	Istanbul	observatory, decimal trigonometry	Era VIII
Thabit ibn Qurra	836–901	Baghdad	geometry, number theory	Era I
Nasir al-Din al-Tusi	1201–1274	Maragha	trigonometry, astronomy, parallels	Era V
Ulugh Beg	1394–1449	Samarkand	star catalogue, tables, patronage	Era VII
al-Umawi	fl. 14th c.	Damascus	arithmetic	Era VI
al-Uqlidisi	fl. c. 952	Damascus	decimal fractions	Era II
al-Urdi	d. 1266	Damascus, Maragha	planetary geometry, instruments	Era V
al-Zarqali (Azarquiel)	c. 1029–1100	Toledo, Córdoba	Toledan Tables, instruments	Era III
Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi	1236–1311	Shiraz, Maragha	astronomy, optics	Era V
al-Fazari, Muhammad	d. c. 796–806	Baghdad	Sindhind translation	Era I

Latinized names

European texts knew several of these scholars under Latin names: Algorismi/Algoritmi (al-Khwarizmi), Albategnius (al-Battani), Alhazen (Ibn al-Haytham), Anaritius (al-Nayrizi), Avicenna (Ibn Sina), Azarquiel (al-Zarqali), Geber (Jabir ibn Aflah), Alfraganus (al-Farghani, astronomer, mentioned in the transmission chapters), Arzachel (al-Zarqali variant), Thebit (Thabit ibn Qurra).