Timeline

Dates before the modern period are frequently approximate; "c." marks scholarly best estimates.

Date	Event
762	Baghdad founded as Abbasid capital
c. 770s	Indian Sindhind astronomical material translated at al-Mansur's court (al-Fazari); decimal numerals arrive
c. 786–833	al-Hajjaj translates Euclid's Elements, then Ptolemy's Almagest
813–833	Caliphate of al-Ma'mun; House of Wisdom flourishes; observational programs at Baghdad and Damascus
c. 820s	al-Khwarizmi's Algebra and arithmetic; the Zij al-Sindhind
c. 830–870	Banu Musa active; al-Kindi's optics and cryptanalysis; al-Jawhari on parallels
836–901	Thabit ibn Qurra: amicable numbers, parabola quadratures, Conics preservation
c. 858–929	al-Battani's forty years of Raqqa observations; the Sabian Zij
c. 900	Abu Kamil's algebra with irrational coefficients
908–946	Ibrahim ibn Sinan; elegant parabola quadrature
952/953	al-Uqlidisi in Damascus: earliest decimal fractions
c. 960–1000	Abu al-Wafa consolidates the six trigonometric functions; spherical law of sines (also Abu Nasr, al-Khujandi); al-Quhi and al-Sijzi on conic constructions; Ibn Sahl states the refraction law (984)
c. 950–1007	Maslama al-Majriti brings eastern astronomy to Córdoba
c. 1000	al-Karaji's polynomial algebra; binomial triangle
c. 1007–1009	Ibn Yunus completes the Hakimi Zij in Cairo
c. 1011–1021	Ibn al-Haytham writes the Book of Optics in Cairo
c. 1030s	al-Biruni's Qanun al-Mas'udi; geodesy and shadows
c. 1070	Omar Khayyam's algebra of cubics (Isfahan)
1077	Khayyam's Explanation of Difficulties in Euclid (parallels, ratios)
1079	Jalali calendar reform
1085	Toledo falls to Castile; its libraries begin feeding Latin translation
d. 1085	al-Mu'taman ibn Hud of Zaragoza (Ceva-type theorem in the Istikmal)
c. 1100–1200	Latin translation century: Adelard of Bath, Robert of Chester (Algebra, 1145), Gerard of Cremona (d. 1187, ~70+ works)
c. 1120–1150	Jabir ibn Aflah (Geber) in Seville; Latin spherical trigonometry source
c. 1150	al-Samawal's al-Bahir: polynomial division, negative exponents, induction-style proofs
c. 1170 – c. 1240s	Fibonacci; Liber Abaci 1202/1228
c. 1135 – c. 1213	Sharaf al-Din al-Tusi: root counting via maxima, numerical solution of cubics
c. 1200s	Maghreb: Ibn Munim's combinatorics; al-Hassar's fraction bar already circulating
1258	Mongols take Baghdad
1259	Maragha observatory founded; Nasir al-Din al-Tusi directs; Urdi builds instruments
c. 1260–1274	Tusi's Complete Quadrilateral (trigonometry as independent science) and Tadhkira (Tusi couple)
1256 – c. 1321	Ibn al-Banna in Marrakesh; Talkhis; combinatorial formulas
c. 1300–1319	al-Farisi: rainbow theory; amicable numbers via factorization
c. 1350–1375	Damascus: Ibn al-Shatir's equant-free planetary models; al-Khalili's universal tables
c. 1420s	Samarkand observatory and madrasa (Ulugh Beg, Qadi Zada, al-Kashi)
1424	al-Kashi computes 2π to 16 decimal places
1427	al-Kashi's Miftah al-Hisab: systematic decimal fractions
c. 1437–1449	Zij-i Sultani and the 1,018-star catalogue
1449	Ulugh Beg murdered; Samarkand school disperses (Ali Qushji west to Istanbul, 1470s)
1412–1486	al-Qalasadi codifies Maghrebi algebraic symbolism
1145 / 1543 / 1545	Milestones of the European continuation: Latin Algebra; De revolutionibus (with Maragha-identical models); Ars Magna (cubics solved arithmetically)
1575–1580	Taqi al-Din's Istanbul observatory (contemporary of Tycho's Uraniborg)
1585	Stevin's De Thiende brings decimal fractions to Europe (al-Kashi's priority: 158 years; al-Uqlidisi's: 633)
1594	Pseudo-Tusi Euclid printed in Rome; later read by Wallis, cited by Saccheri (1733), prehistory of non-Euclidean geometry
1665	Ulugh Beg's star catalogue printed at Oxford
19th–20th c.	Modern historiography recovers the tradition: Woepcke, Nallino, Luckey, Kennedy, Saidan, Sabra, Rashed, King, Berggren, Hogendijk, Djebbar